Resource Type: Knowledge

This framework outlines three constructs for student learning — how students make meaning, participate and contribute, and manage their learning.

Teachers often misconceive formative assessment as an overlay to existing instruction. Understanding the feedback loop teaches you how students are engaged in learning at every stage of the formative assessment process.

Students must interpret evidence of learning and apply it to move their learning forward. This reading explains how formative assessment fosters learner agency and how other assessment types can hinder its development.

This table outlines teacher and student expertise in formative assessment. This is a helpful introductory tool to explore expectations and hopes for formative assessment practices for teachers and students.

Bell and Cowie’s definition of formative assessment as a process of evidence use adopted by WestEd. This resource unpacks their definition and introduces the formative assessment feedback loop.

This document defines discourse, and outlines evidence of discourse practices for teachers and students. The continuum outlines the progression of practices in using discourse to deepen understanding of academic content.